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As mentioned earlier, the costs of an IT system can sometimes accumulate over many years An interesting approach for IT cost evaluation is the total cost of ownership (TCO) TCO is a formula for calculating the cost of owning, operating, and controlling an IT system, even one as simple as a PC The cost includes acquisition cost (hardware and software), operations cost (maintenance, training, operations, evaluation, technical support, installation, downtime, auditing, viruses damage, and power consumption), and control cost (standardization, security, central services) The TCO can be a hundred percent higher that just the cost of the hardware, especially for PCs (David et al, 2002) By identifying these various costs, organizations can make more accurate cost-bene t analyses A methodology for calculating TCO is offered by David et al (2002).

The informal economy offers a refuge for ethnic entrepreneurs to evade the regulatory arm of the state (Kloosterman et al 1998), but with the additional expectations and monitoring schedule of the BIP, evasion was more challenging The expected investment in a business was $150,000 for entrepreneurs, but through informal means and at some risk of disclosure it was possible to reduce that cost and establish a more predictable route to business success and the lifting of terms and conditions..

Select no when asked whether or not the installer should create directories for Webbased administration. Your system should now be capable of receiving messages. You should also be able to connect to your server using a mail client such as Thunderbird or Evolution. This is a good time to test mail delivery, even if you re planning to follow the directions in the next section to enable virus and spam filters later. More information about configuring a mail client to connect to your server can be found in the section Configuring Mail Clients later in this chapter.

They also provide a detailed example of the items to be included in the TCO calculations (see Online File W137) For further discussion, see Vijayan (2001) and Blum (2001), and for a comprehensive study, see Ferrin and Plank (2002) A similar concept to TCO is total bene ts of ownership (TBO) These bene ts cover both tangible and the intangible bene ts By calculating and comparing both TCO and TBO, one can compute the payoff of an IT investment [Payoff TBO TCO] For details on the calculations, see Devaraj and Kohli (2002) and also Online File W137 The value analysis method evaluates intangible bene ts on a low-cost, trial basis before deciding whether to commit to a larger investment in a complete system Keen (1981) developed the value analysis method to assist organizations considering investments in decision support systems (DSSs).

At the very bottom of the pyramid, we have the users who have to make do with what is given to them. Figure 6.13 shows such a network hierarchy.

The major problem with justifying a DSS is that most of the bene ts are intangible and not readily convertible into monetary values Some such as better decisions, better understanding of business situations, and improved communication are dif cult to measure even in nonmonetary terms These problems in evaluating DSS are similar to the problems in evaluating intangible bene ts for other types of systems Therefore, value analysis could be applicable to other types of IT.

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To move to a specific page and place the focus in the first control of the page, use the GoToPage action. This action has three arguments: Page Number. Specifies the page number you want to move to Right. The upper-left corner of the page (horizontal position) Down. The upper-left corner of the page (vertical position) This action is useful for working with multiple-page forms.

The test5 code example assigned the lename to the variable using just the lename without a path. This requires that the le be in the same directory as the script. If this isn t the case, you ll need to use a full pathname (either absolute or relative) to reference the le location.

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